canyons and high peak

ed topsÑ

dry nowÑand helped to cut just
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eper the very same old trails in the soft rock, which had been worn down by thousands of moccasined feet for countless generations. Before they left items that they must have destroyed almost everything they possessed. Fire was set to the roof of their large kiv

a. This was the end of the Tyuonyi. Hidden Valley had witnessed its last great occupation. It had been occupied by Indians for six centuriesÑIndians who had lived, raised corn and beans and squash and pumpkins, and who had fought and died. The occupation of Frijoles possibly was tottering at the time the Espejo expedition came up the Rio Grande Valley in February of the year 1583. A few stragglers could have still been hereÑwho knows? But certainly by the close of the century Tyuonyi was a thing of the past. The roofs to the

houses were falling inÑtubers were rotting and cracking under the trem

• endous weight of poles and brush and mud. Walls fell. It was a deser
  ted town with a background as colorful as any other pueblo in the Southwest. Hidden Valley was still here but its actors were no more. CHAPTER VI Cliff Dwellers A
• gain By the close of the sixteenth century, it seems, a
  ll of the great townsÑthe terraced community apartment houses on the PajaritoÑhad been abandoned. Life in the hills and
• mountains had grown unbearable because of a shortage of
  water. These people, I have no doubt, disliked leaving their mountain homes. The mountains were more conducive to successful living than the hot sandy banks of the Rio Grande. But this made no difference nowÑmoving was a -necessity. Groups pushed off the mesa tops and down the canyons into
• the Valley of the Rio Grande. Soon littl
  e settlements sprang up. This move certainly must have been a step down for the cliff and pueblo dwellers. They had lived for centuries on the wooded mesa tops near high mountains and had drunk spring water. Now they had only the muddy waters of the Rio Grande. They establish
• ed the village of Pera
  ge on the west bank of the river about a mile west of their present pueblo of Powhoge or San Ildefonso. Other groups could have gone to other Tewa-speaking villages. Just when the pueblo of San Ildefonso was established is not certain but it was long, long ago. Tewas could live in peace now and raise corn, beans, squash and pumpkins, for here the muddy wa
• ters of the Rio Grande were ever flowing. But it was not for the Tewas to say,
  or think, that they could live in peace. The next Spanish expedition taught them this. The expedition headed by Don Juan de Onate was the colonizing expedition into New Mexico. In 1598, soldiers, colonists, carts and baggage streamed up the Valley of the Rio Grande and took possession of New Mexico in the name of His Majesty, the King of Spain. This time the occupation was in earnest. Four hundred or more settlers and so
• ldiers marched up the valley,
  The PSA measures the particles in a sample and displays the range of sizes present from 4 microns to 2000 microns. Particle size is often important in the control of industrial mixing, product preparation, and quality control and quality assurance for production facilities.
• the settlers wit everything they
  possessed in the way of tools and personal e fects. Thousands of domestic animals were brought m. The Spanish meant to stay this time. In the north Tewa country, beyond San Ildefonso, was the Provinc
• e of Yun Chemistry Laboratories contain other small equipment necessary for sample preparation, chemical synthesis of inorganic and organic materials, and small scale testing of samples (Torres Laboratories).

queyunque which is thought

• to have been located near the present San Juan Pueblo. It was here that
• the first capital city of New Mexico was established by the Spani
• sh on July u, 1598-It was called San
• X-ray Fluorescence
• Gabriel. It wa
• Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer
• s about this time that the Tewa-speaking people on the Pajarito Plateau were abandoning their homes in c

anyons and on mesa tops and plowing to the banks, of the Rio Grande where they built the pueblo of San Ildefonso. These Indians built the pueblo with rows of houses two and three stories high and built their kivas on top of the ground instead of below the ground as they had done in their former homes. After Onate had been removed from office as Governor: of New Mexico, the Viceroy appointed Don Pedro de Peralta and the capital was move

d from San Gabriel to Santa Fe in 1610. Governors changed. Each made new laws. Indians were used as slaves. They produced goods for the Spanish. Children went to school and all went to church. They took on ChristianityÑyes, but they reta